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Study in the app →Indonesian · BIPA 1 (A1) · Chapter 34
Sudah selesai Already done
Past-time vocabulary: sudah, belum, kemarin, tadi, tadi malam, selesai, pulang, bertemu, minum, lupa. Key grammar: Indonesian verbs do not change for time — "makan" stays "makan". To mark a completed event, put "sudah" (already) BEFORE the verb: "Saya sudah makan" (I have eaten). The negative is "belum" (not yet), also before the verb: "Saya belum makan". Time words like "kemarin" (yesterday), "tadi" (earlier) may be added: "Kemarin saya pergi ke pasar" (yesterday I went to the market) — the verb still stays the same. In ch30 you learned "akan" (will) before the verb for the future; "sudah" is its partner for the past — the same slot, before the verb. English lets "already" sit at the end ("I ate already"), so English speakers put "sudah" at the end: "Saya makan sudah" ✗ → "Saya sudah makan" ✓. Sound corner: "sudah", "belum", "kemarin".
Dialogue
Sudah makan? — Have you eaten?
- Budi Mike, kamu sudah makan? Mike, have you eaten?
- Mike Ya, saya makan sudah. Yes, I have eaten. (slip: "sudah" goes before the verb, not at the end)
- Budi "sudah" sebelum kata kerja, Mike: "Saya sudah makan". "sudah" before the verb, Mike: "Saya sudah makan".
- Mike Oh, "Saya sudah makan". Tapi saya belum minum kopi. Oh, "Saya sudah makan". But I have not had coffee yet.
- Budi Bagus! "belum" juga sebelum kata kerja: "belum minum". Great! "belum" is also before the verb: "belum minum".
- Mike Mengerti. Kemarin saya sudah bertemu Sari. Understood. Yesterday I already met Sari.
Dialogue
Akhir pekan kemarin — Last weekend
- Sari Mike, kemarin kamu ke mana? Mike, where did you go yesterday?
- Mike Kemarin saya pergi ke pantai. Saya sudah berenang. Yesterday I went to the beach. I went swimming.
- Sari Wah, seru! Kamu sudah makan siang di sana? Wow, fun! Did you have lunch there?
- Mike Belum. Saya makan tadi malam di rumah. Not yet. I ate last night at home.
- Sari Oh ya, kamu sudah selesai tugasmu? Oh right, have you finished your assignment?
- Mike Sudah! Tadi pagi saya sudah selesai. Yes! I finished it this morning.
Vocabulary
| 汉字 | Pinyin | POS | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| sudah | adv. | already, done | |
| belum | adv. | not yet | |
| kemarin | adv. | yesterday | |
| tadi | adv. | earlier, just now | |
| tadi malam | adv. | last night | |
| selesai | v. | to finish, be done | |
| pulang | v. | to go home, return | |
| bertemu | v. | to meet | |
| minum | v. | to drink | |
| lupa | v. | to forget |
Grammar
sudah + kata kerja — kejadian yang sudah selesai sudah + verb — completed events
Kata kerja bahasa Indonesia tidak berubah untuk waktu: "makan" bisa berarti eat, ate, atau eaten. Untuk menandai bahwa suatu kejadian sudah selesai, taruh "sudah" (already) TEPAT SEBELUM kata kerja: "Saya sudah makan" (I have eaten / I already ate). Bentuk negatifnya adalah "belum" (not yet), juga sebelum kata kerja: "Saya belum makan" (I have not eaten yet). Perhatikan jawaban khas: "Sudah" (ya, sudah) atau "Belum" (belum). Untuk menegaskan kapan, tambahkan kata waktu di depan atau belakang kalimat: "Kemarin saya pergi ke pasar", "Saya bertemu dia tadi" — kata kerjanya tetap tidak berubah; kata waktulah yang membawa makna lampau. Ingat bab 30: "akan" (will) diletakkan sebelum kata kerja untuk masa depan. "sudah" menempati slot yang sama untuk masa lampau: akan makan (akan makan) ↔ sudah makan (sudah makan). Bahasa Inggris membiarkan "already" berpindah ke akhir ("I ate already"), maka penutur Inggris tergoda menaruh "sudah" di akhir: "Saya makan sudah" ✗. Letaknya sebelum kata kerja: "Saya sudah makan" ✓.
Indonesian verbs do not change for time: "makan" can mean eat, ate, or eaten. To mark that an event is complete, put "sudah" (already) RIGHT BEFORE the verb: "Saya sudah makan" (I have eaten / I already ate). The negative is "belum" (not yet), also before the verb: "Saya belum makan" (I have not eaten yet). Note the typical answers: "Sudah" (yes, done) or "Belum" (not yet). To make the time explicit, add a time word at the front or end of the sentence: "Kemarin saya pergi ke pasar" (yesterday I went to the market), "Saya bertemu dia tadi" (I met him earlier) — the verb still does not change; the time word carries the past meaning. Remember ch30: "akan" (will) goes before the verb for the future. "sudah" takes the same slot for the past: akan makan (will eat) ↔ sudah makan (have eaten). English lets "already" move to the end ("I ate already"), so English speakers are tempted to put "sudah" at the end: "Saya makan sudah" ✗. Its place is before the verb: "Saya sudah makan" ✓.
- Saya sudah makan. I have already eaten.
- Dia sudah pulang. He has already gone home.
- Kami belum makan. We have not eaten yet.
- Kemarin saya pergi ke pasar. Yesterday I went to the market.
pronunciation
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